Reactivity Definition in Chemistry

In chemistry, reactivity is a measure of how readily a substance undergoes a chemical reaction. The reaction can involve the substance on its own or with other atoms or compounds, generally accompanied by a release of energy. The most reactive elements and compounds may ignite spontaneously or explosively. They generally burn in water as well as the oxygen in the air. Reactivity is dependent upon temperature. Increasing temperature increases the energy available for a chemical reaction, usually making it more likely. Another definition of reactivity is that it is the scientific study of chemical reactions and their kinetics. Reactivity Trend in the Periodic Table The organization of elements on the periodic table allows for predictions concerning reactivity. Both highly electropositive and highly electronegative elements have a strong tendency to react. These elements are located in the upper right and lower left corners of the periodic table and in certain element groups. The halogens, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals are highly reactive. The most reactive element is fluorine, the first element in the  halogen group.The most reactive metal is francium, the last alkali metal (and most expensive element). However, francium is an unstable radioactive element, only found in trace amounts. The most reactive metal that has a stable isotope is cesium, which is located directly above francium on the periodic table.The least reactive elements are the noble gases. Within this group, helium is the least reactive element, forming no stable compounds.Metal can have multiple oxidation states and tend to have intermediate reactivity. Metals with low reactivity are called noble metals.  The least reactive metal is platinum, followed by gold. Because of their low reactivity, these metals dont readily dissolve in strong acids. Aqua regia, a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, is used to dissolve platinum and gold. How Reactivity Works A substance reacts when the products formed from a chemical reaction have lower energy (higher stability) than the reactants. The energy difference can be predicted using valence bond theory, atomic orbital theory, and molecular orbital theory. Basically, it boils down to the stability of electrons in their orbitals. Unpaired electrons with no electrons in comparable orbitals are the most likely to interact with orbitals from other atoms, forming chemical bonds. Unpaired electrons with degenerate orbitals that are half-filled are more stable but still reactive. The least reactive atoms are those with a filled set of orbitals (octet). The stability of the electrons in atoms determines not only the reactivity of an atom but its valence and the type of chemical bonds it can form. For example, carbon usually has a valence of 4 and forms 4 bonds because its ground state valence electron configuration is half-filled at  2s2  2p2. A simple explanation of reactivity is that it increases with the ease of accepting or donating an electron. In the case of carbon, an atom can either accept 4 electrons to fill its orbital or (less often) donate the four outer electrons. While the model is based on atomic behavior, the same principle applies to ions and compounds. Reactivity is affected by the physical properties of a sample, its chemical purity, and the presence of other substances. In other words, reactivity depends on the context in which a substance is viewed. For example, baking soda and water are not particularly reactive, while baking soda and vinegar readily react to form carbon dioxide gas and sodium acetate. Particle size affects reactivity. For example, a pile of corn starch is relatively inert. If one applies a direct flame to the starch, its difficult to initiate a combustion reaction. However, if the corn starch is vaporized to make a cloud of particles, it readily ignites. Sometimes the term reactivity  is also used to describe how quickly a material will react or the rate of the chemical reaction. Under this definition the chance of reacting and the speed of the reaction are related to each other by the rate law: Rate = k[A] Where rate is the change in molar concentration per second in the rate-determining step of the reaction, k is the reaction constant (independent of concentration), and [A] is the product of the molar concentration of the reactants raised to the reaction order (which is one, in the basic equation). According to the equation, the higher the reactivity of the compound, the higher its value for k and rate. Stability Versus Reactivity Sometimes a species with low reactivity is called stable, but care should be taken to make the context clear. Stability can also refer to slow radioactive decay or to the transition of electrons from the excited state  to less energetic levels (as in luminescence). A nonreactive species may be called inert. However, most inert species actually do react under the right conditions to form complexes and compounds (e.g., higher atomic number noble gases).

Time Management Is Key For Junior Leaders For Multiple...

Time management is key for junior leaders for multiple reasons, and it will help them overcome leadership challenges that they will face. If a junior officer is able to master time management they should be able to handle almost any task that is thrown their way better than they would if they put everything off until the last minute. Some key things that must be handled before any junior officers are able to handle their time management in a better way are, knowing time is limited, having it become a priority for everyone, reducing their stress, and allowing themselves to have free time through out their day. A couple of these simple key factors from time is limited, are you cannot go back in time. What this means is that no matter what you do or how you spend your time there are only seven days a week, twenty-four hours in a day, and sixty minutes per hour. What this means is that no matter how hard badly you feel like you will need more time in a day to accomplish your tasks, time is set. Next by exercising good time management junior officers will be able to set the standard to make it a priority for everyone to turn in all of their things on time. Once this happens it can become an organizational priority, which will not only make individuals successful, but also everyone as a whole. If junior officers are able to enter the fleet and set this standard it will help them to overcome leadership challenges that are thrown their way. Third it is impossible to get anythingShow MoreRelatedTechnology At Rosetta Inpharmatics Inc1712 Words   |  7 PagesInstitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine at the University of Washington. Serendipitously I had the opportunity to be involved with a team who was at the forefront of the development of this technology at Rosetta Inpharmatics Inc. During this time I was either privy to or directly involved in testing and implementing algorithms for design and efficacy of siRNA (silencing RNA) and its implementation into automated experimental platforms. This foundational experience has benefitted myself andRead MoreChange Through Leadership : The Challenges Of Change Through Leadership1527 Words   |  7 Pagesan incoming leader to an organization that is in a state of stagnation, decisive and informed decision making needs to take place. One of the first things that will be looked at in this scenario is the different theories/change strategies that exists. The second thing we will be evaluated is how successful these change strategies are. The third and final thing we will look at is how different leadership styles effect the change strategy. Existing Strategies of Change Being the leader in an organizationRead MoreAnalyzing Verbal And Written Communication1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout the communication to gain acceptance by the receiver. Before the analysis can begin, there are key parts of the communication that need to be identified, beginning with the issue and followed by the conclusion (Browne Keeley, 2015, p. 24-26). In the memo, the issue presented by the author, Mr. Ravaswami, is should CHCM establish and fund a new leadership development program for its junior insurance executives as proposed by the Director of Operations, Ms. Forsythe. This is a prescriptiveRead MoreRichard, Wood And Hulme Llp3966 Words   |  16 Pagesis a major problem for the company for two reasons. First of all, Spector is an important client. Secondly, team work has been a strategy for RWH since it began operation. Thus, a lack of cohesion among team members affects the tight deadlines that the company has and team morale is lowered due to the firing of two favourite senior employees. The report advises alternative actions based on decision criteria’s and alternative analysis matrix and provides key recommendations to avoid such problems inRead MoreCompetitive Strategy of Best Buy1673 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Management, an activity in business and organization, is the act of getting people together to achieve goals. It includes planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Organizations can be viewed as systems and management can be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomesRead MoreThe Leader Development And Assessment Module1963 Words   |  8 Pagesto excel in the art of command, particular attention should be paid to the lessons taught in Module C130 Leader Development and Assessment. The topics taught in the Leader Development and Assessment Module are critical to the success of a Field Grade Officer in accomplishment of mission and personnel management. Long gone are the days of â€Å"Do it because I say so† or redoing work multiple times in order to teach th e staff a lesson with no leadership guidance. Toxic leadership has come to the forefrontRead MoreLeadership : A Leadership Perspective At Yale Som And Far Beyond1641 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that as a leader I am someone who is only beginning to find an intrinsic motivation to lead. I will strive to channel that towards achieving my personal and professional goals. Once I have fully grasp my internal rationale, I can be a more effective leader. Of course after just fifteen weeks in the program, there is still much work to be done. My inability to listen effectively and receive views in my interactions has hindered my influence in the past; and it’s high time I address it. TakingRead MoreOrganizational Dialogue : Theory And Practice1599 Words   |  7 Pagesand words between two or more persons. However in an organizational environment, the vitality of dialogue is even on a lager side. A dialogue is a route which can refine organizational environment for conducive manag ement. A dialogue tends to prevent various constraints and wastage of time, money and other efforts. This notepaper focuses to explore the need and importance of a dialogue in an organization, and how encouraging a dialogue in teams can lead to transformation of its culture that neitherRead MorePersonal Statement : C Participation1418 Words   |  6 Pages4-H events that my older sisters were in. Therefore, our clover kids’ leader, Michelle Hassebrock, let me participate with the clover kids about 2 years before I was even old enough to officially become a clover kid. That is where my journey in 4-H as a member of the Howard Happy Helpers officially began. From there, I was involved in 4-H all the way through my senior year of high school. My participation included holding multiple officer positions like; photographer for one year, historian for twoRead MoreCritical Thinking Analysis Of Cliffside Holding Company Memo2152 Words   |  9 Pagesare used to illustrate the cri tical thinking as it relates to Cliffside Holding Company. It is essential to apply critical thinking in the process of solving complex and critical situation that people face, but more especially for the organization leaders, because they are expected to have solution to all problems that the organization might be facing. Critical thinking encourages the use diverse skill sets and information to solve problems. The irony is that most of the steps of critical thinking

The Impact of Education in European, Asian, and Islamic...

â€Å"Education is a state-controlled manufactory of echoes.†- Norman Douglas There is much truth to the quote stated above by Norman Douglas, especially during the 900-1300 when industrialization, agricultural innovation, international trade, and religious conquest rocked the European, Asian, and Islamic societies. The quest for unification and cultural/religious spread during this turbulent times were answered by universities that created men of an educated class. Higher education became the state and religion controlled medium to reinforce the agenda of established religious leaders and political authorities. The court Elites and local religious leaders prized education and spend considerable wealth towards establishing and growing it, for†¦show more content†¦(Smith, 2012, p. 427) His effort helped him spread religion towards unreached boundaries of the past through faithful followers and the use of vernacular language to connect with local communities ( (Smith, 2012, p. 428). Like the Deli Sultans, the Song emperor in China was also successful in using education to spread Neo-Confucianism ideas through the Civil Service Exams . Education in various regions reflected the religious ideas of prominent religious leaders, thus becoming the metaphorical hand that reached into uncharted territories to â€Å"enlighten† the unenlightened. More than reaching the uncharted depth with â€Å"enlightenment† of a philosophical idea however, , higher education also proved to be a powerful tool to spread political unification through propaganda. With the increase in land territory, there was a growing need to find a point of unification for the cultural melting pots that submersed society. Religion was used for such task at one point, but as division began to increase in religious societies like Latin Christendom, higher education became the second chance at unifying a nation. Charlemagne who sought to unify the land under one right religion, proudly supported and closely allied with the spread of education of the one true faith through education. Charlemagne and his predecessors devoted considerable wealth, protection, and emphasis on Classical learning prompted by propagating the one true faith. (Smith,Show MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prenti ce Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval

Republic Act free essay sample

Section 3. Authority of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue to Inquire into Bank Deposit Accounts and Related Information Held by Financial Institutions. Section 6(F) of Republic Act No. 8424, as amended, otherwise known as the National Revenue Code of 1997, as amended, is hereby further amended to read as follows: SEC. 6. Power of the Commissioner to Make Assessments and Prescribe Additional Requirements for Tax Administration and Enforcement. xxx (F) Authority of the Commissioner to Inquire into Bank Deposit Accounts and Other Related Information Held by Financial Institutions. Notwithstanding any contrary provision of Republic Act No. 1405, Republic Act No. 6426, otherwise known as the Foreign Currency Deposit Act of the Philippines, and other general and special laws, the Commissioner is hereby authorized to inquire into the bank deposits and other related information held by financial institutions of: (1) A decedent to determine his gross estate. (2) Any taxpayer who has filed an application for compromise of his tax liability under Sec. We will write a custom essay sample on Republic Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 204 (A)(2) reason of financial incapacity to pay his tax liability. In case a taxpayer files an application to compromise the payment of his tax liabilities on his claim that his financial position demonstrates a clear inability to pay the tax assessed, his application shall not be considered unless and until he waives in writing his privilege under Republic Act No. 1405, Republic Act No. 6426, otherwise known as the Foreign Currency Deposit Act of the Philippines, or under other general or special laws, and such waiver shall constitute the authority of the Commissioner to inquire into  the bank deposits of the taxpayer. (3) A specific taxpayer or taxpayers subject of a request for the supply of tax information from a foreign tax authority pursuant to an international convention or agreement on tax matters to which the Philippines is a signatory or a party of: Provided, That the information obtained from the banks and other financial institutions may be used by the Bureau of Internal Revenue for tax assessment, verification, audit and enforcement purposes. In case of request from a foreign tax authority for tax information held by banks and financial institutions, the exchange of information shall be done in a secure manner to ensure confidentiality thereof under such rules and regulations as may be promulgated by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner.

Technoscience Essays (1052 words) - Science And Technology Studies

Technoscience The world is changing rapidly. A single technological development can lead to an infinite number of consequential developments, each of which having varying impacts on humanity. These impacts, or indicators, display the results of technological development. Climactic, economic, social, and energy related indicators are important in showing humanity's use of technoscience, and demonstrate that certain political and economic changes are needed so that technoscientists can use their knowledge to benefit the great majority of humanity. Climactic indicators are excellent examples of humanity's misuse of technoscience. One such indicator is global temperature. It displays the results of the burning of fossil fuels and the release of nitrous oxides into the atmosphere. Production of coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear power each expanded by 1 percent in 1995 (Brown, 16). Globally, the ten warmest years out of the last 130 have all occurred in the eighties and nineties (Brown, 15). These figures demonstrate that humanity is not effectively controlling and limiting its use of fossil fuels. As a result, acid rain falls upon the earth destroying what is left of the planet's forests and, an estimated 37 percent of the fish species that inhabit thelakes and streams of North America are either in jeopardy or extinct. A second indicator that displays humanity's misuse of technoscience is the global economy. Global economic statistics show the results of the applications of technoscience. In 1995, the global economy grew by an estimated 3.7 percent the largest gain since the 4.6 percent growth in 1980 (Brown, 74). The use of technoscientific developments in various fields raised the global output of goods and services. Although this was an impressive expansion promoting employment and development, it also increased the unsustainable demands on the earth's natural systems and resources, such as the planet's forests. Applications of technoscience have established the need for wood. The forests that once blanketed more than 40 percent of the earth's land surface now cover only 27 percent of it (Brown, 19). As a result, soil erodes, and the capacity of soils and vegetation to absorb and store water is reduced. Humanity's misuse of technoscience can also be displayed with social indicators. Eighty-seven million people were added to the population in 1995 (Sachs, 88). The overwhelming majority were added to countries that were already struggling with the results of technoscience: depletion of forestry, erosion of soil, and reduction of aquifers. This added population only increased these countries' problems. Population growth is slowing in some country's, but for the wrong reasons. In Russia, the combination of economic deterioration and environmental pollution has raised death rates, while a loss of hope in the future has lowered birth rates (Brown, 19). In Zimbabwe, births still exceed deaths, but by much less than a few years ago because AIDS related deaths are increasing. Beneficial applications of technoscience could be used in the above cases to improve social situation by introducing greater population control methods and by helping to control the AIDS epidemic. Energy related indicators shoe the positive effects of technoscientific application. While the production of coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear power each expanded by 1 percent in 1995, wind electric generation expanded by 33 percent and sales of solar cells climbed 17 percent (Brown, 5658). The harnessing of wind and solar energy does not create the environmentally harmful byproducts associated with their fossil fuel and nuclear counterparts. Humanity's use of renewable energy sources can only decrease environmental problems. Charles E. Lindblom's procedure of public policy integration is an effective method by which technoscientists can be assured that their developments will be thoroughly explored so that humanity will not be hurt by their work. However, most corporations give strong incentives (bonuses, stock options) to encourage executives to diligently pursue corporate profitability (Woodhouse, 173). This results in a rapid, untested decision-making process that yields swift innovation of products and production techniques that offer short term buyer effectiveness, profits for the seller and potentially long term negative consequences to a portion of humanity, the environment or the world. Political procedures concerning technological developments must be gradual and deliberate so that the development's benefits can greatly outweigh the disadvantages. Conflicting leaders should explore developments so that each can consider the other's views. The initial

Conjunctive Adverbs vs. Adverbs

Conjunctive Adverbs vs. Adverbs Conjunctive Adverbs vs. Adverbs Conjunctive Adverbs vs. Adverbs By Mark Nichol A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that has been authorized to perform the function of a conjunction, which simply means that it links one part of a sentence with another. (Standard conjunctions consist of the phrase and clause connectors for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so, acronymized in that order as the mnemonic FANBOYS.) However, they are not pure conjunctions, as the FANBOYS words are, and in this role they cannot follow a simple comma; this error is called is a comma splice. Instead, as the examples below demonstrate, conjunctive adverbs- words such as however, otherwise, thus, meanwhile, and hence, when used to express addition, apposition, concession, contrast, reinforcement, result, summary, or time- signal the beginning of an independent clause and must be preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. (Alternatively, conjunctive adverbs may appear parenthetically in the middle of the independent clause or may begin or interrupt a separate sentence.) Each use of a conjunctive adverb below is contrasted with the use of the same word as a simple adverb. Notice that when a word performs the latter function, a semicolon is unnecessary before it (though a comma might be required there to separate two clauses), and no comma must follow it. However Adverbial conjunction: â€Å"Jones was released last Friday after posting $100,000 bail; however, it was unclear who paid for his release.† Adverb: â€Å"For your sake, however much I abhor that actor, I will go see the movie.† Otherwise Adverbial conjunction: â€Å"The settlements are an acknowledgment that our business model is sound; otherwise, we would not have agreed to the terms.† Adverb: â€Å"The memory troubled him through the otherwise pleasant afternoon.† Thus Adverbial conjunction: â€Å"Margins on manufacturing and other businesses have become razor thin; thus, companies must undertake careful analysis of profitability for products and services on a real-time or near real-time basis.† Adverb: â€Å"The enemy struck, and Smith took the bait, thus weakening the left flank of his division.† Meanwhile Adverbial conjunction: â€Å"Some indicated that they would not respond to the question; meanwhile, others gave their thoughts.† Adverb: â€Å"That’s a good idea for the long term, but meanwhile, we have to address the immediate problem.† Hence Adverbial conjunction: â€Å"We were preoccupied by the sound of the breaking glass; hence, it is quite possible that somebody planted the gun without being noticed.† Adverb: â€Å"Not too many years hence, the average reader won’t ever have seen a card catalog.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar 101 category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowConfusing "Passed" with "Past"5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

Evaluate Submission Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluate Submission - Assignment Example The participating students were needed to develop a training prototype. The participants’ aims depend on the outcome of the instructional training; individuals were required to carry out a step by step framework of tasks directed at meeting the objectives and goals of the training (William & Rothwell, 2006). The modified version of the evaluation instrument provides the instructor with an opportunity to evaluate the training materials and the effectiveness of the entire training package by incorporating distinct and measurable outcomes. This method also creates a framework of identifying any flaws in the training program. Consequently, improvements and adjustments to the course curriculum can be implemented based on the results of the training program developed by the participants (Aris, 2000). The failure of participants to effectively provide a framework of the working of the new concepts and theories learnt from the training program would be viewed as a total failure. They should be able to set clear goals and directions as a result of new knowledge earned through the training prototype. Inability on the part of participants to incorporate the steps learnt from the program and be able to achieve desired goals shows the incompetence aspect of the overall framework of the training program. The inability of the participants to put to test and practice what they have gained from the training program is evidence of the flaws present in the training prototype, or the participants may not be able to comprehend the information given to them. The training prototype should be redesigned and the methods used to convey information should be examined and evaluated. Inability on the part of the student to outline some of the theories used in the training program may be as a result of poor reading skills. The training program should ensure participants understand the concepts used and are able to comprehend them. The inability of the students to comprehend the